The 1820s: Historical Background |
iv |
Witham and the Fires |
iv |
List of Photos |
v |
List of Drawings |
vii |
List of Facsimiles |
viii |
Preface |
x |
Maps of Essex and the Area Around Witham |
xii |
Acknowledgements |
xiii |
Map of Modern Witham and Some Historic Sites |
xiv |
Chapter 1 — Introduction: Witham Before 1500 |
1 |
Chipping Hill |
1 |
Newland Street |
1 |
Fields and Outlying Settlements |
2 |
Later Medieval Witham |
3 |
Chapter 2 — Population and Society |
4 |
Numbers |
4 |
Movement |
4 |
Plague and Disease |
6 |
Society |
9 |
1523 — Lay Subsidy |
9 |
1636 — Ship Money |
10 |
1673 — Hearth Tax |
12 |
Probate Value of Goods at Death |
15 |
Inventories |
15 |
Total values |
17 |
Chapter 3 — Building and Living Conditions |
21 |
Building Construction |
21 |
Brick |
27 |
Window glass |
33 |
Decoration |
33 |
Accomodation |
34 |
Living Conditions |
41 |
Chapter 4 — Roads and Transport |
44 |
Routes |
45 |
Road Conditions |
48 |
Bridges |
51 |
Means of Transport |
55 |
The Post |
59 |
Chapter 5 — Land and Agriculture |
62 |
Land |
62 |
Manors of Chipping and Newland |
62 |
Demesne of Chipping and Newland |
69 |
Outer Manors |
66 |
Powershall |
73 |
Blunts Hall |
77 |
Howbridge Hall |
79 |
Ishams (Little Howbridge) |
83 |
Vicarage (Hog End) Manor |
84 |
Other Large Farm Units (Over 50 Acres) |
84 |
Smaller Units (50 Acres or Less) |
88 |
Sizes of Holdings and Farming Units |
90 |
Agricultural Methods |
92 |
Methods in Witham |
92 |
Meadows and Hay |
98 |
Woodland and Wood |
100 |
Grain Crops |
103 |
Hops |
105 |
Garden Crops |
105 |
Horses |
107 |
Cattle |
107 |
Pigs |
108 |
Sheep |
110 |
Chapter 6 — Processing, Crafts and Trade |
111 |
The Role of Witham in the Area |
111 |
Regulation of Commerce |
116 |
Processing |
118 |
Craftsmen |
122 |
Tradesmen |
129 |
The Market |
138 |
Chapter 7 — The Cloth Industry |
143 |
Before 1500 |
143 |
1500 to 1540 |
143 |
1540 to 1600 |
144 |
1600 to 1628 |
145 |
1629 to 1650 |
147 |
c.1650 Onwards |
147 |
Clothiers |
150 |
Distribution Centres |
156 |
Carding and Combing |
158 |
Spinning |
160 |
Weaving |
161 |
Fulling |
167 |
Roughing |
169 |
Shearing |
170 |
Tentering |
170 |
Chapter 8 — People |
173 |
County Families |
173 |
The Southcott Family |
173 |
Witham Place |
175 |
Judge John Southcott |
177 |
Elizabeth Southcott/Southwell |
178 |
John Southcott esquire |
179 |
Edward Southcott esquire |
180 |
Sir John Southcott |
180 |
Sir Edward Southcott |
180 |
The Barnardiston Family and William Towse |
181 |
Dame Katherine Barnardiston |
182 |
The Gentry |
185 |
The Garrard Family |
186 |
John Garrard(1) |
186 |
Jerome Garrard(1) |
189 |
Jerome Garrard(2) |
190 |
Robert Garrard(2) |
191 |
Jerome Garrard(3) |
192 |
Jerome (Jerry) Garrard(4) |
192 |
John Garrard(2) and John Garrard(3) |
192 |
The Armond, Brodway and Jackson Families |
193 |
George Armond(1) |
193 |
John Armond |
195 |
George Armond(2) |
197 |
Elizabeth Armond |
197 |
Thomas Brodway and Abigail Jackson |
197 |
Adam Jackson and Robert Jackson(1) |
198 |
John Jackson(1), junior, and Sarah his mother |
199 |
John Jackson(A), senior |
199 |
William Jackson(A) |
200 |
The Gravener Family |
200 |
John Gravener(1) |
200 |
John Gravener(2) |
200 |
John Gravener(3) |
202 |
John Gravener(4) |
202 |
John Gravener(5) |
203 |
The Barwell Family |
203 |
Robert Barwell(1) |
205 |
Martha Barwell(1) |
206 |
Robert Barwell(2) |
206 |
Newman Barwell |
207 |
Sarah Barwell and Martha Barwell(2) |
208 |
Robert Barwell(3) |
208 |
Robert Barwell(4) |
210 |
Middling People |
212 |
The Poor |
216 |
Poverty and the life cycle |
217 |
The care of the poor |
220 |
Dame Katherine Barnardiston’s Gifts |
223 |
Almshouses |
224 |
Chapter 9 — Postscript |
226 |
Constants |
226 |
Chronology |
227 |
Religion and politics |
229 |
Suggested Reading |
230 |
Notes |
231 |
Index |
266 |
An impression of the central part of Witham in about 1680 (end paper) |