| The 1820s: Historical Background |
iv |
| Witham and the Fires |
iv |
| List of Photos |
v |
| List of Drawings |
vii |
| List of Facsimiles |
viii |
| Preface |
x |
| Maps of Essex and the Area Around Witham |
xii |
| Acknowledgements |
xiii |
| Map of Modern Witham and Some Historic Sites |
xiv |
| Chapter 1 — Introduction: Witham Before 1500 |
1 |
| Chipping Hill |
1 |
| Newland Street |
1 |
| Fields and Outlying Settlements |
2 |
| Later Medieval Witham |
3 |
| Chapter 2 — Population and Society |
4 |
| Numbers |
4 |
| Movement |
4 |
| Plague and Disease |
6 |
| Society |
9 |
| 1523 — Lay Subsidy |
9 |
| 1636 — Ship Money |
10 |
| 1673 — Hearth Tax |
12 |
| Probate Value of Goods at Death |
15 |
| Inventories |
15 |
| Total values |
17 |
| Chapter 3 — Building and Living Conditions |
21 |
| Building Construction |
21 |
| Brick |
27 |
| Window glass |
33 |
| Decoration |
33 |
| Accomodation |
34 |
| Living Conditions |
41 |
| Chapter 4 — Roads and Transport |
44 |
| Routes |
45 |
| Road Conditions |
48 |
| Bridges |
51 |
| Means of Transport |
55 |
| The Post |
59 |
| Chapter 5 — Land and Agriculture |
62 |
| Land |
62 |
| Manors of Chipping and Newland |
62 |
| Demesne of Chipping and Newland |
69 |
| Outer Manors |
66 |
| Powershall |
73 |
| Blunts Hall |
77 |
| Howbridge Hall |
79 |
| Ishams (Little Howbridge) |
83 |
| Vicarage (Hog End) Manor |
84 |
| Other Large Farm Units (Over 50 Acres) |
84 |
| Smaller Units (50 Acres or Less) |
88 |
| Sizes of Holdings and Farming Units |
90 |
| Agricultural Methods |
92 |
| Methods in Witham |
92 |
| Meadows and Hay |
98 |
| Woodland and Wood |
100 |
| Grain Crops |
103 |
| Hops |
105 |
| Garden Crops |
105 |
| Horses |
107 |
| Cattle |
107 |
| Pigs |
108 |
| Sheep |
110 |
| Chapter 6 — Processing, Crafts and Trade |
111 |
| The Role of Witham in the Area |
111 |
| Regulation of Commerce |
116 |
| Processing |
118 |
| Craftsmen |
122 |
| Tradesmen |
129 |
| The Market |
138 |
| Chapter 7 — The Cloth Industry |
143 |
| Before 1500 |
143 |
| 1500 to 1540 |
143 |
| 1540 to 1600 |
144 |
| 1600 to 1628 |
145 |
| 1629 to 1650 |
147 |
| c.1650 Onwards |
147 |
| Clothiers |
150 |
| Distribution Centres |
156 |
| Carding and Combing |
158 |
| Spinning |
160 |
| Weaving |
161 |
| Fulling |
167 |
| Roughing |
169 |
| Shearing |
170 |
| Tentering |
170 |
| Chapter 8 — People |
173 |
| County Families |
173 |
| The Southcott Family |
173 |
| Witham Place |
175 |
| Judge John Southcott |
177 |
| Elizabeth Southcott/Southwell |
178 |
| John Southcott esquire |
179 |
| Edward Southcott esquire |
180 |
| Sir John Southcott |
180 |
| Sir Edward Southcott |
180 |
| The Barnardiston Family and William Towse |
181 |
| Dame Katherine Barnardiston |
182 |
| The Gentry |
185 |
| The Garrard Family |
186 |
| John Garrard(1) |
186 |
| Jerome Garrard(1) |
189 |
| Jerome Garrard(2) |
190 |
| Robert Garrard(2) |
191 |
| Jerome Garrard(3) |
192 |
| Jerome (Jerry) Garrard(4) |
192 |
| John Garrard(2) and John Garrard(3) |
192 |
| The Armond, Brodway and Jackson Families |
193 |
| George Armond(1) |
193 |
| John Armond |
195 |
| George Armond(2) |
197 |
| Elizabeth Armond |
197 |
| Thomas Brodway and Abigail Jackson |
197 |
| Adam Jackson and Robert Jackson(1) |
198 |
| John Jackson(1), junior, and Sarah his mother |
199 |
| John Jackson(A), senior |
199 |
| William Jackson(A) |
200 |
| The Gravener Family |
200 |
| John Gravener(1) |
200 |
| John Gravener(2) |
200 |
| John Gravener(3) |
202 |
| John Gravener(4) |
202 |
| John Gravener(5) |
203 |
| The Barwell Family |
203 |
| Robert Barwell(1) |
205 |
| Martha Barwell(1) |
206 |
| Robert Barwell(2) |
206 |
| Newman Barwell |
207 |
| Sarah Barwell and Martha Barwell(2) |
208 |
| Robert Barwell(3) |
208 |
| Robert Barwell(4) |
210 |
| Middling People |
212 |
| The Poor |
216 |
| Poverty and the life cycle |
217 |
| The care of the poor |
220 |
| Dame Katherine Barnardiston’s Gifts |
223 |
| Almshouses |
224 |
| Chapter 9 — Postscript |
226 |
| Constants |
226 |
| Chronology |
227 |
| Religion and politics |
229 |
| Suggested Reading |
230 |
| Notes |
231 |
| Index |
266 |
| An impression of the central part of Witham in about 1680 (end paper) |
